Election Returns Scope
Additional Notes on Database
Sources
Definitions
Party Abbreviations
The CQ Voting and Elections Collection from CQ Press (an imprint of SAGE Publications) integrates a wealth of documents and data about voting and elections in America. It includes the following large groups of information:
Election returns for president, governor, and U.S. Congress (Senate and House) at the county and state levels-see Election Returns Scope below for details. (Primarily from the America Votes book series and America at the Polls)
Congressional biographies (from CQ's Politics in America; each bio is written at the beginning of the last congressional term in which the has individual served; older biographies from the Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1996).
Presidential biographies (from Guide to the Presidency).
The entire Elections A to Z encyclopedia.
U.S. Congressional district profiles from 1980 to present (from CQ's Politics in America). Also, county census data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses.
U.S. Congressional district maps (state-by-state) from the 1960s to the present in PDF form--dynamic maps from 1998 to present.
Congressional election analysis from 1946 to 2012 (from Guide to U.S. Elections as well as The Elections of 2012 and the Congress and the Nation quadriennial series).
Recent election analysis from the Rhodes Cook Letter, a new feature adding fresh content every other month.
The Voting and Elections Collection contains a central database as well as individual data tables of various information (anything from census data to convention ballots). The individual data tables can be accessed via the general search or Browse Topics. The central database, on the other hand, is a repository of elections for president, governor, and U.S. Congress (Senate and House) at the county and state levels. The following table gives the years and geographies included in the Voting and Election Collection for each office and election type. These data can be accessed via the Election Results search and Browse Topics as well as through the various tools of Compare Data. See the Sources section below for more detail on the source of these data.
Office |
Election Type |
Years |
Smallest Geography |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
President | General | 1789 to 2016 | State level | Electoral Votes |
President | General | 1824 to 2016 | State level | Popular Vote |
President | General | 1920 to 2016 | County level | Popular Vote |
President | Primary | 1912 to 2016 | State level | Included in document for all primaries for year within state. |
Governor | General | 1824 to 2018 | State level | |
Governor | General | 1968 to 2018 | County level | |
Governor | Primary | 1919 to 2018 | State level | Included in document for all primaries for year within state. |
House | General | 1824 to 2018 | Congressional district | Districts change over time.* Totals include only "major candidates" who garnered 5% or more of vote until 1968. |
House | Primary | 1994 to 2018 | Congressional district | Included in document for all primaries for year within state. |
Senate | General | 1908 to 2018 | State level | |
Senate | General | 1968 to 2018 | County level | |
Senate | Primary | 1956 to 2018 | State level | Included in document for all primaries for year within state. |
* Data for a state's congressional districts may not be comparable from election to election, within these tables, because of reapportionment and redistricting. (Redistricting dates are included for the 1960s to present.)
Dates: The earliest House tables are designated "1822-1830" even though the earliest data included are from 1824.
Table Structure: Tables providing gubernatorial, House, and Senate data up to and slightly beyond the founding of the Republican party in 1854 will be structured and organized according to the number of votes received (e.g., "Greatest Number of Votes," "Second Greatest Number of Votes").
Tables providing gubernatorial, House, and Senate data after the founding of the Republican party in 1854 will be structured and organized according to "Republican," "Democratic," "Other", and any significant third party or "Highest Other" (if present).
Use of Democratic/Republican: When the Collection includes more than one Democratic candidate or more than one Republican candidate running in a specific district race, "Democratic" and "Republican" data, and any calculations based on the data, will include those multiple candidates.
Open Primaries: For the purposes of the Collection, an "open" primary refers to a primary open to candidates and voters of all parties. The top two vote-getters from the open primary proceed to a runoff election, except in some cases in Louisiana (see below). This usage differs from the oft-heard description of an open primary as allowing voters of all parties, but candidates from only one party.
Since 1975, Louisiana has used a unique two-tier election system for House, Senate, and governor. Its use was suspended in for the 2008 and 2010 elections, but reinstated for the 2011 and 2012 elections. A "jungle primary" is held for all candidates of any party, and any candidate that receives 50% of the vote is elected to office. If no candidate receives 50% of the vote, the top two vote-getters enter a runoff election for office. Any "jungle primary" in which a candidate was elected is treated in this Collection as a general election, because it was a decisive election. Any "jungle primary" that was not decisive is treated as a open primary for the purposes of the Collection, and the runoff election is then treated as a general election.
Contact Info: Because elections data are complex, definitions and information are provided below on how the Collection may use or interpret data. CQ Press makes every attempt to verify and revise data as necessary, but inevitably, a work of this size and complexity may contain some errors and omissions. Please send any comments or suggestions regarding the data in this Collection to onlinesupportus@sagepub.com.
The Collection draws on a number of authoritative CQ Press sources for elections data. Data have been adapted from these CQ Press sources:
America Votes biennial series
America at the Polls series
Politics in America biennial series (district vote for president only)
Guide to U.S. Elections, fourth through sixth editions
For other elections-related data and visuals, available through the search and browse under "Facts & Figures", the Collection draws upon:
America Votes biennial series (e.g., party switches).
American Political Leaders, 1789-2009 (e.g., lists of governors)
Guide to U.S. Elections, fourth through sixth editions (e.g., Whig convention ballots)
U.S. Census Bureau
Vital Statistics on American Politics biennial series (e.g., partisan identification)
It also draws on elections-related selections from a number of authoritative CQ Press reference works for elections analysis, primary sources, and other election-related information. These include:
Congress A to Z
Congressional Districts in the 1980s, Congressional Districts in the 1990s, and Congressional Districts in the 2000s
CQ's Politics in America biennial series (congressional biographies and district profiles)
CQ Researcher reports
Elections A to Z second through fourth editions
Guide to Congress seventh edition
Guide to Political Campaigns in America
Guide to the Presidency fourth and fifth editions
Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court fourth edition
Historical Documents annual series
Historic Documents on Presidential Elections 1787-1988
Presidency A to Z fourth edition
The America Votes series, covering presidential, gubernatorial, House, and Senate general elections and primaries every election cycle, was first created by Richard M. Scammon and Alice V. McGillivray of the Elections Research Center, Washington, D.C., in 1956. Since 1996 the series has been edited and compiled by Rhodes Cook. The series includes the following:
Scammon, Richard M., and the Governmental Affairs Institute. America Votes 8. Washington: CQ Press, 1970.
Scammon, Richard M., and the Governmental Affairs Institute. America Votes 9. Washington: CQ Press, 1972.
Scammon, Richard M., and the Governmental Affairs Institute. America Votes 10. Washington: CQ Press, 1973.
Scammon, Richard M., and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 11. Washington: CQ Press, 1975.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 12. Washington: CQ Press, 1977.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 13. Washington: CQ Press, 1979.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 14. Washington: CQ Press, 1981.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 15. Washington: CQ Press, 1983.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 16. Washington: CQ Press, 1985.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 17. Washington: CQ Press, 1987.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 18. Washington: CQ Press, 1989.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 19. Washington: CQ Press, 1991.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 20. Washington: CQ Press, 1993.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and the Elections Research Center. America Votes 21. Washington: CQ Press, 1995.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and Rhodes Cook. America Votes 22. Washington: CQ Press, 1998.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and Rhodes Cook. America Votes 23. Washington: CQ Press, 1999.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and Rhodes Cook. America Votes 24. Washington: CQ Press, 2001.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and Rhodes Cook. America Votes 25. Washington: CQ Press, 2003.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and Rhodes Cook. America Votes 26: 2003-2004. Washington: CQ Press, 2006.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and Rhodes Cook. America Votes 27: 2005-2006. Washington: CQ Press, 2008.
Scammon, Richard M., Alice V. McGillivray, and Rhodes Cook. America Votes 28: 2007-2008. Washington: CQ Press, 2010.
Rhodes Cook. America Votes 29: 2009-2010. Washington: CQ Press, 2012.
Rhodes Cook. America Votes 30: 2011-2012. Washington: CQ Press, 2014.
Rhodes Cook. America Votes 31: 2013-2014. Washington: CQ Press, 2016.
The data in this series are compiled from final, official results obtained from election authorities in each state. On occasion, states may belatedly report vote total changes that occur after publication of the volumes. The editors and CQ Press have made every attempt to incorporate changes and corrections in the data. Where possible, footnotes and notes regarding specific elections or vote totals have been retained in this Collection or integrated into the data.
The America at the Polls series, covering presidential general elections and primaries since 1920, includes the following:
McGillivray, Alice V., and Richard M. Scammon. America at the Polls 1920 to 1956: Harding to Eisenhower. Washington: CQ Press, 1994.
McGillivray, Alice V., Richard M. Scammon, and Rhodes Cook. America at the Polls 1960 to 2000: John F. Kennedy to George W. Bush. Washington: CQ Press, 2001.
The data in this series are from the official state canvass reports. For a few of the early elections in the 1920 to 1956 volume, these reports were supplemented and interpreted by reference to additional sources, such as the reports of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, files in the National Archives, and various state almanacs. The editors and CQ Press have made every attempt to incorporate changes and corrections in the data. Where possible, any exceptions or special notes concerning these data have been retained in this Collection or integrated into the data.
The Politics in America series, published biennially, provides the district vote for president for the years 1972 to 1996. (Missing from this Collection are data for California and Texas in 1972 and Ohio in 1984.) It also provides district profiles and congressional biographies. The series includes the following:
Ehrenhalt, Alan, ed. Politics in America 1982: Members of Congress in Washington and at Home. Washington: CQ Press, 1981.
CQ's Political Staff and Phil Duncan, eds. Politics in America 1992: The 102nd Congress. Washington: CQ Press, 1991.
CQ's Political Staff and Phil Duncan, eds. Politics in America 1994: The 103rd Congress. Washington: CQ Press, 1993.
Duncan, Phil D., and Christine C. Lawrence with CQ's Political Staff. Politics in America 1998: The 105th Congress. Washington: CQ Press, 1997.
Duncan, Phil D., and Brian Nutting with CQ Press. Politics in America 2000: The 106th Congress. Washington: CQ Press, 1999.
Nutting, Brian and H. Amy Stern. Politics in America 2002: The 107th Congress. Washington: CQ Press, 2001.
Hawkings, David and Brian Nutting. Politics in America 2004: The 108th Congress. Washington: CQ Press, 2003.
Koszczuk, Jackie and H. Amy Stern. Politics in America 2006: The 109th Congress. Washington: CQ Press, 2005.
Angle, Martha and Jackie Koszczuk. Politics in America 2008: The 110th Congress. Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 2007.
McCutcheon, Chuck and Christy L. Lyons. Politics in America 2010: The 111th Congress. Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 2009.
Bicknell, John and David Meyers. Politics in America 2012: The 112th Congress. Washington: CQ-Roll Call, Inc., 2011.
CQ-Roll Call. Politics in America 2014: The 113th Congress. Washington: CQ-Roll Call, Inc., 2011.
The district vote for president was based on votes for the major candidates; the independent vote was included only if the candidate received at least 2 percent of the vote in the district. For this and other reasons, including variances in the tabulation of absentee ballots, district-level data rolled up to a state total may not correlate with county-level data rolled up to a state total.
Congressional Quarterly calculated district-level votes for president using official results supplied by the secretaries of state, boards of elections, and other state and county election agencies. For the selected counties in Arizona, Indiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and New Jersey in 1988, results came from the Republican National Committee, whose figures were taken directly from worksheets compiled by county officials. For 1992 and 1996, Polidata of Lake Ridge, Va., provided data, with the assistance of Congressional Quarterly.
Guide to U.S. Elections provides a wealth of data on presidential, gubernatorial, House, and Senate general elections and primaries, in addition to other information and analysis. The most recent edition of the Guide is as follows:
CQ Press. Guide to U.S. Elections, sixth edition. Washington: CQ Press, 2010.
The Collection drew on data from the Guide for the years prior to 1968 for gubernatorial, House, and Senate elections and for the years prior to 1920 for presidential elections. The Guide's major source for the data for these time periods was the Inter-University Consortium for Politics and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan. Where the ICPSR collection includes all Senate, House, and gubernatorial candidates receiving popular votes, the Guide and the Collection include only those Senate, House, and gubernatorial candidates receiving at least 5 percent of the total vote for that election. In such cases, tables in the Collection will use the terms "Major Candidate Total Vote" and "Major Candidate Total Vote %," along with a further note. While the complete source annotations for the ICPSR data were too extensive to publish in the Guide, information on the sources for specific election returns can be obtained through the ICPSR. At times, the Guide drew on sources other than the ICPSR for the data for these time periods; where possible, such sources are noted in this essay or in footnotes within the Collection.
Presidential Popular Vote Returns from the Guide
In addition to the ICPSR, as noted above, elections historian Michael J. Dubin supplemented this source material with new elections data research. CQ editors felt the new data was of scholarly merit and worthy of inclusion—much of it filling the gaps or correcting errors in previous editions of the Guide. Where possible, Dubin's original sources are also listed in the footnotes.
The 1824 starting date for the ICPSR collection was based on factors such as the pronounced trend by 1824 for the election of presidential electors by popular vote, as well as the availability, accessibility, and quality of the returns. The omission of popular vote returns for a state after 1824 indicates an absence of popular voting for that election. The South Carolina legislature, for example, chose the state's presidential electors until 1860, and the state did not participate in the 1864 presidential election because of the Civil War. Thus, the first popular vote returns shown for South Carolina are for the 1868 election.
In many cases presidential candidates appeared on state ballots under different, even multiple party designations. To provide one party designation for presidential candidates for the elections 1824 through 1916, CQ Press has aggregated under a single party designation the votes of candidates who are listed in the ICPSR data as receiving votes under more than one party designation.
Electoral Votes for President from the Guide
The sources for electoral votes cast for presidential candidates are the Senate Manual (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), and CQ Weekly Report.
Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution gives a state a number of electors equal to the number of senators and representatives to which it is entitled. Total electoral votes for each state through the 2000 election were compiled from a chart of each apportionment of the House of Representatives, published in Kenneth C. Martis and Gregory A. Elmes, The Historical Atlas of State Power in Congress, 1790-1990 (Washington, D.C., CQ Press, 1993), pp. 6-7.
Under the Constitution (Article II, Section 1) each presidential elector was originally given two votes and was required to cast each vote for a different person. The person receiving the highest number of votes from a majority of electors was elected president; the person receiving the second highest total became vice president. For the first presidential election in 1789, there were 69 electors, and Washington's 69 votes constituted a unanimous election. After ratification of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, electors were required to designate which of their two votes was for president and which was for vice president.
Gubernatorial General Election Returns from the Guide
Where the ICPSR collection includes all gubernatorial candidates receiving popular votes, the Guide and the Collection include only those gubernatorial candidates receiving at least 5 percent of the total vote for that election. In such cases, tables in the Collection will use the terms "Major Candidate Total Vote" and "Major Candidate Total Vote %," along with a further note explaining this circumstance.
Names are listed as they were recorded in the official returns or other source documentation. In some instances, particularly in the nineteenth century, candidate names in the ICPSR file are incomplete. First names were the most commonly missing elements in the original sources consulted by the scholars and archivists who gathered the ICPSR returns. CQ Press has added full names when they could be determined and has corrected obvious misspellings.
In the ICPSR returns, the Guide, and this Collection, the distinct—and in many cases, multiple—party designations appearing in the original sources are preserved. In many cases party labels represent combinations of multiparty support received by individual candidates. If, for example, on the ballot and official returns more than one party name was listed next to a candidate's name, then the party designation appearing in the election returns for that candidate will be a unique abbreviation for that combination of parties. (See "Party Abbreviations") In the special case of a candidate's name listed separately on the original ballot under more than one party—where returns were reported separately for each party—CQ Press and the Collection follow the America Votes series methodology by including the candidate and candidate's total vote with the single party that contributed the largest share of the candidate's total vote. Most cases of this special situation occurred in New York and Pennsylvania during the twentieth century.
House General Election Returns from the Guide
Where the ICPSR collection includes all House candidates receiving popular votes, the Guide and the Collection include only those House candidates from single-member districts who received at least 5 percent of the total vote for that election.(In multimember districts or at-large districts electing more than one representative, candidates who received fewer than 100 votes were not listed.) In such cases, tables in the Collection will use the terms "Major Candidate Total Vote" and "Major Candidate Total Vote %," along with a further note explaining this circumstance.
If no vote total is shown for a candidate but the percentage listed is 100 percent, in most cases the candidate ran unopposed. State election officials either did not put the candidate's name on the ballot or simply did not make an effort to record the total number of votes.
Note on Multimember Districts: During part of the nineteenth century, five New England states—Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont—had state laws requiring that candidates win election to the House by a popular vote majority. The specific procedures varied among the five states. The majority vote requirement was last used in 1892 Rhode Island.
In some instances, particularly in the nineteenth century, names in the ICPSR file are incomplete. First names were the element most commonly missing in the original sources consulted by the scholars and archivists who gathered the ICPSR returns.
In the ICPSR returns, the distinct—and in many cases, multiple—party designations appearing in the original sources are preserved. In many cases party labels represent combinations of multiparty support received by individual candidates. If, for example, on the ballot and official returns more than one party name was listed next to a candidate's name, then the party designation appearing in the election returns for that candidate will be a unique abbreviation for that combination of parties. (See "Party Abbreviations") In the special case of a candidate's name listed separately on the original ballot under more than one party—where returns were reported separately for each party— CQ Press and the Collection follow the America Votes series methodology by including the candidate and candidate's total vote with the single party that contributed the largest share of the candidate's total vote. Most cases of this special situation occurred in New York and Pennsylvania during the twentieth century.
Senate General Election Returns from the Guide
Where the ICPSR collection includes all Senate candidates receiving popular votes, the Guide and the Collection include only those Senate candidates receiving at least 5 percent of the total vote for that election. In such cases, tables in the Collection will use the terms "Major Candidate Total Vote" and "Major Candidate Total Vote %," along with a further note explaining this circumstance.
Prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, April 8, 1913, a number of states conducted nonbinding popular polls for Senate candidates, designed to guide the state legislatures in choosing between candidates. The ICPSR obtained some of the returns for these polls, and they are included in this Collection.
In the ICPSR returns, the distinct—and in many cases, multiple—party designations appearing in the original sources are preserved. In many cases party labels represent combinations of multiparty support received by individual candidates. If, for example, on the ballot and official returns more than one party name was listed next to a candidate's name, then the party designation appearing in the election returns for that candidate will be a unique abbreviation for that combination of parties. (See "Party Abbreviations") In the special case of a candidate's name listed separately on the original ballot under more than one party—where returns were reported separately for each party—CQ Press and the Collection follow the America Votes series methodology by including the candidate and candidate's total vote with the single party that contributed the largest share of the candidate's total vote. Most cases of this special situation occurred in New York and Pennsylvania during the twentieth century.
Other Sources
The most frequently used alternative source was Statistics of the Congressional Elections of ____ , published by the Clerk of the House of Representatives for every general election year since 1920.
Alabama 1938: Statistics of the Congressional Election of Nov. 8. 1938. Arkansas 1924: Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of Nov. 4, 1924. 1914/1916 World Almanac, published by the New York World newspaper. 1932 special election: Alexander Heard and Donald S. Strong, Southern Primaries and Elections, 1920-1949, p. 31. Colorado 1944: Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of Nov. 7, 1944. Connecticut 1924 special election: Statistics of the Congressional Election of Nov. 4, 1924. Georgia 1924: Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of Nov. 4, 1924. Kentucky 1950 special election: Statistics of the Congressional Election of Nov. 7, 1950. Louisiana 1936 special election: Louisiana secretary of state. 1920: Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of Nov. 2, 1920. Maine 1952: Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of Nov. 4, 1952. Maryland 1913 special election: Maryland secretary of state. 1940: Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of Nov. 5, 1940. 1946: Statistics of the Congressional Election of Nov. 5, 1946. Minnesota 1923 special election: 1924 World Almanac, published by the New York World newspaper. North Carolina 1948 special election: Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of Nov. 2, 1948. Ohio 1930 special election: Statistics of the Congressional Election of Nov. 4, 1930. Pennsylvania 1922 special election: Statistics of the Congressional Election of Nov. 7, 1922. Texas 1961 special primary: Richard M. Scammon, ed., America Votes 5 (Pittsburgh, 1964), p. 401. Vermont 1931 special election: Vermont secretary of state. 1934 special election: Vermont secretary of state. Virginia 1920 special election: Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of Nov. 2, 1920. Wisconsin 1918 special election: Seward W. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), p. 271. Wyoming 1930 special election: Statistics of the Congressional Election of Nov. 4, 1930.
The following definitions explain the terms most commonly used in the election return tables and dynamically generated data. (For other definitions, browse the Encyclopedia on the left-hand navigation bar or search in the Collection.)
Challenger: | A candidate not currently holding the office he or she is seeking to win. A race with no incumbents will have two challengers. |
Decisive Race or Election: | Any race or election that results in the final officeholder. |
Democratic | Usually provides data on the top Democratic candidate in a specific race or election. Where a state allows multiple Democratic or multiple Republican candidates to run in a specific race, tables that summarize House elections for a year ("House General Elections, All States, [year] Summary"), "Office Histories" and "Split District Outcomes" on the left-hand navigation bar will use "Democratic" to include those multiple Democratic candidates and will base percentages and other calculations on those multiple candidates. |
Greatest Number of Votes | Special term used to provide and organize data on significant candidates in elections up to and slightly beyond the founding of the Republican party in 1854. Provides information on significant candidates according to number of votes received, along with "Second," "Third," and "Fourth Greatest Number of Votes," as necessary. |
Highest Other: | Term used to provide data on a significant additional candidate who is neither the top Democratic nor the top Republican candidate in a race or election. In the most recent elections, Highest Other is included more often. |
Incumbent: | A candidate currently holding the office he or she is seeking to retain in a race or election. An incumbent race is a race that includes at least one candidate for re-election. In certain circumstances, such as when two House members have been redistricted into the same new district, it is possible for two incumbents to be shown for that race. |
Major Candidate Total Vote: |
Special term used along with "Major Candidate Total Vote %" in tables that provide data on candidates who received 5% or more of the total votes cast in a race or election. "Major Candidate Total Vote" accurately reflects the candidates and votes as included in the table, but may not accurately reflect the full and official "Total Vote," which would include any candidates who received less than 5% of the total vote as well as other scattered votes. Used in House elections prior to 1968; gubernatorial elections prior to 1968, and primary elections prior to 1993. |
Major Candidate Total Vote %: |
Special term used along with "Major Candidate Total Vote" in tables that provide data on candidates who received 5% or more of the total votes cast in a race or election. "Major Candidate Total Vote %" accurately reflects the percentage of the vote that a candidate received as included in the table, but may not accurately reflect the full and official "Total Vote (%)," which would include in the calculation any candidates who received less than 5% of the total vote as well as other scattered votes. Used in House elections prior to 1968; gubernatorial elections prior to 1968, and primary elections prior to 1993. |
Major Party Vote (%): |
A measure using only those votes cast for the Democratic and Republican candidates within a race or election. Usually expresses the top Democratic candidate's vote and the top Republican candidate's vote as percentages of the combined votes cast for those candidates in that race or election. The two columns under "Major Party Vote (%)" should always equal 100%. (See "Democratic" and "Republican" definitions above and below for special circumstances.) |
Open Primary: | For the purposes of the Collection, an "Open" primary is a primary that includes candidates of all parties-Louisiana and Washington are two states that use "open" primaries. This usage differs from the oft-heard description of an open primary as allowing voters of all parties, but candidates from only one party. Louisiana has a unique version of an open primary; see the Additional Notes under the Elections Data Scope section for more details. |
Open Seat: | An election or race with no incumbent candidate. |
Other: | Usually an aggregate of additional votes cast not otherwise captured in the table. (See "Democrat" and "Republican" definitions above and below for special circumstances) |
Plurality: | The number of votes separating the candidate with the highest vote from the candidate with the second highest vote. Also gives the party designation of the candidate with the highest vote. Only includes those candidates listed in the table-candidates lumped into "Other" (as opposed to "Highest Other") are not used for plurality. |
Republican: | Usually provides data on the top Republican candidate in a specific race or election. Where a state allows multiple Republican to run in a specific race, summaries of the "Republican" total votes will include the votes for all of those multiple candidates. These include tables that summarize House elections for a year ("House General Elections, All States, [year] Summary"). They also include the Compare Data tools "Vote counts by office, party, and area" and "Split District". |
Special Election: | A race or election held outside the normal election cycle, to address special circumstances, such as the death or resignation of an officeholder or a recall of a particular elected official. |
Total Vote: | All votes cast for all candidates in a race or election, as well as write-in votes if they are tabulated. |
Total Vote (%): |
Usually an individual candidate's vote expressed as a percentage of all votes cast for all candidates, including write-in votes if they are tabulated, in that race or election. When calculated for "Other," the percentage is based on all votes that may be aggregated in "Other." (See "Democratic" and "Republican" definitions above for additional special circumstances.) |
The following list is alphabetical, but also includes the most common parties at the top. The list will be updated as new "other" parties are added.
Party Name |
Abbreviation |
Initial |
---|---|---|
Democrat | D | D |
Republican | R | R |
Write-in | WRITE-IN | WR |
21st Century | TFC | TFC |
A Connecticut Party | ACP | ACP |
Abolition | AB | ABL |
Abolition-Democrat | AB-D | AD |
Adams Democrat | AD | ADD |
Adams Republican | AR | ADP |
Addicks Republican | AK R | AR |
Alaskan Independent | ALI | ALI |
Alliance | ALNC | ALL |
Alliance Democrat | ALNC D | ALD |
Aloha Democrat Primary | A-D | A-D |
American | AM | A |
American and Republican | AM & R | AMR |
American Grassroots | AG | AG |
American Independent Party | AIP | AIP |
American Labor | AM LAB | AL |
American National | AM NAT | NAT |
Anti-Adams | A-A | AA |
Anti-Addicks Republican | A-AK R | AAR |
Anti-Bank | A-BANK | AB |
Anti-Benton Democrat | A-BEN D | ABD |
Anti-Boss | A-BOSS | ABS |
Anti-Broderick Democrat | A-BROD D | ABR |
Anti-Clinton | ANTI-CLINT | ATC |
Anti-Democrat-Fusion | A-D-FUS | ADF |
Anti-Federalist | ANTI-FED | AFD |
Anti-Jackson | A-JAC | |
Anti-Jackson Democrat | A-JAC D | AJD |
Anti-Know Nothing Democrat | A-KN D | AKD |
Anti-Know Nothing Independent | A-KN I | AKI |
Anti-Know Nothing Independent Democrat | A-KN ID | AID |
Anti-Land Distribution Democrat | A-LD D | ALN |
Anti-Lecompton Democrat | A-LEC D | ALE |
Anti-Lottery Democrat | A-LOT D | ATD |
Anti-Machine | A-MACH | AM |
Anti-Maine Law | A-MAINE | AML |
Anti-Mason | A-MAS | AMS |
Anti-Masonci | A-MASC | AMC |
Anti-Mason-Democrat-National Republican | A-MASDNR | AMN |
Anti-Monopoly | A-MONOP | AMO |
Anti-Monopoly Democrat | A-MON D | AMD |
Anti-Nebraska | A-NEB | ANE |
Anti-Nebraska Democrat | A-NEB D | AED |
Anti-Redemption Democrat | A-RPT D | ARD |
Anti-Rent | A-RENT | ART |
Anti-Tammany | A-TAM | ATM |
Anti-Tariff | A-TARIFF | ATF |
Anti-Tax | A-TAX | ATX |
Anti-Trust | A-TRUST | AT |
Anti-Van Buren Democrat | A VB D | |
Anti-Wolf Democrat | A-WOLF D | AWD |
Apollo Hall | APOLLO | AH |
Barnburner Democrat | BARN D | BB |
Benton | BENTON | B |
Benton Democrat | BENTON D | BD |
Best Party | Best Party | BSP |
Black and Tan Republican | B & T R | BTR |
Bolting Democrat | BOLT D | BTD |
Breckinridge Democrat | BRECK D | BGD |
Brindle-Tail Republican | B-T R | BRR |
Broderick Democrat | BROD D | BRD |
Bryan Party | BRYAN | BRY |
Bucktail Republican | BUCK R | BKR |
Bull Moose | B MOOSE | BM |
Butler Democrat and Greenback | BUT D & R | BDG |
Butler Democrat and National | BUT D & N | BDN |
Butler Republican | BUT R | BR |
Butter Congressional | BC | BC |
Calhoun Democrat | CALH D | CLD |
Cass Democrat | CASS D | CSD |
Cincinnatus Nonpartisan Movement | CNM | CNM |
Citizen Independent or Independent Citizen | CI/IC | CZI |
Citzen and County Democrat | CIT & CO D | CZD |
Citzens | CIT | CZ |
Civ. A | CIV A | CVA |
Clay Democrat | CLAY D | CYD |
Clay Republican | CLAY R | CYR |
Clinton Republican | CLINT R | CTR |
Coalition | COALIT | CTN |
Colored Republican | COLOR R | CLR |
Commonwealth | CP | CP |
Commonwealth Land Party | CLP | CLP |
Communist | COM | COM |
Conservative | C | C |
Conservative Democrat | CD | CD |
Conservative Republican | CR | CR |
Constitution | CONST | CN |
Constitutional Union | CST | CST |
County Democrat | CO D | COD |
Creole Faction | CREOLE | CRE |
D.P.U.S. | DPUS | DPU |
Dem., Ind. League, Am., Nat'l Progessive, Ind. | DIL ANPI | DNI |
Dem., Ind. League, Amer., Nat'l. Progressive | DIL A NP | DAN |
Democrat | D | D |
Democrat (S.M.) | D SM | DSM |
Democrat and Independence League | D & IL | DIL |
Democrat and American | D & AM | DA |
Democrat and Anti-Masonic | D & A-MASC | DAM |
Democrat and Anti-Rent | D & A-RENT | DAR |
Democrat and Farmers Alliance | D & F ALNC | DFA |
Democrat and Greenback | D & G | DG |
Democrat and Independent | D & I | DI |
Democrat and Independent Democrat | D & ID | DID |
Democrat and Independent Populist | D & I POP | DPO |
Democrat and Labor | D & LAB | DLB |
Democrat and Law Preservation and Liberty | D & LP | DLP |
Democrat and Liberal | D & L | D&L |
Democrat and Populist | D & POP | DMP |
Democrat and Progressive | D & PROG | DPR |
Democrat and Prohibition | D & P | D&P |
Democrat and Silver | D & SILVER | DSL |
Democrat and Socialist | D & SOC | D&S |
Democrat and Union Labor | D & UN LAB | DUL |
Democrat Citizen | D CIT | DC |
Democrat Farmer-Labor | DFL | DF |
Democrat National Progressive | D NPR | DNP |
Democrat Reform | D-REF | DRM |
Democrat, Independent League | D IL | DIG |
Democrat, Keyston and Progressive | D K & PROG | DKP |
Democrat, Law Preservation and Liberty | D LP & L | DLY |
Democrat, People's Independent and Progressive | D PPI & PR | DPI |
Democrat, Populist, Prohibition & Free Silver | DPOP PFS | DPF |
Democrat-Fusion | D-FUS | DFS |
Democrat-Hanker | D-HANKER | DHK |
Democratic (Silver) | D SIL | DSV |
Democratic National | DN | DN |
Democratic National and Free Silver | DN & FS | DNF |
Democratic Republican, Socialist | DR SOC | DRC |
Democratic Social | D SOCIAL | DSO |
Democratic Socialist | D SOC | DSC |
Democratic, Republican, Socialist | D R & SOC | DRS |
Democratic-Independent | DI | D-I |
Democrat-Independent Progressive | D-IP | DIP |
Democrat-La Follette-Independent | D-LAF I | LAF |
Democrat-Labor-Peoples | D-LAB-PP | DPP |
Democrat-Liberal | D-Lib | DL |
Democrat-National Green Labor | D-NG LAB | DNG |
Democrat-Other Parties | D-OP | DOP |
Democrat-Peoples | D-PP | D-P |
Democrat-Populist Independent | D-POP I | DP |
Democrat-Progressive-Townsend | D-PRO-TN | DPT |
Democrat-Republican | D-R | D-R |
Democrat-Republican/Federalist | D-R/FED | DRF |
Democrat-Working Man | D-WM | DWM |
Direct People's Candidate | DPPC | DPC |
Dissident Democrat | DISS D | DD |
Distributionist Candidate | DISTRIB | DIS |
Dodd Independent | DODD I | DOD |
Douglas Democrat | DOUG D | DGD |
Elec. Prog. | EP | EP |
Emancipation | EMANCIP | EMA |
Equal Right | ER | ER |
Equal Tax | E TAX | ETX |
Fair Play | F PLAY | FPY |
Farmer-Labor | F-LAB | FL |
Farmer's | F | F |
Farmers' Alliance | F ALNC | FAL |
Father Coughlin's Principles, Republican | FACP R | FCR |
Federal | FEDL | FEL |
Federalist | FED | FED |
Federalist and Independent Democrat-Republican | FED I D-R | FDR |
Federated Labor | FEDL AB | FAB |
Fillmore American | FILL AM | FMA |
Florida People's Party | FLA PP | FPP |
'Free Bridge' Republican | FB R | FBR |
Free Silver | F SIL | FSL |
Free Soil | F SOIL | FSO |
Free Soil and Scattering | FS & SC | FSS |
Free Soil Coalition | FS CLN | FCL |
Free Soil Democrat | F SOIL D | FSD |
Free Soil Whig | F SOIL W | FSW |
Fremont American | FREM AM | FA |
Fusion | FUS | FUS |
Fusion-Democrat-Populist | FUS-D-PO | FUD |
Gold Democrat | GOLD D | GDD |
Good Government | GOOD | GG |
Green | GREEN | G |
Greenback | G | GB |
Greenback and Democrat | G & D | G&D |
Greenback and Prohibition | G & P | G&P |
Greenback and Republican | G & R | G&R |
Greenback Democrat | GD | GD |
Greenback Labor | G LAB | GLB |
Greenback Labor and Prohibition | G LAB & P | GLP |
Hard Democratic | HARD D | HD |
Higgins Republican | HIG R | HIR |
High License | H LIC | HLC |
High Life | HL | HL |
Honest Elections | HE | HE |
Hunker | HUNKER | HK |
Illinois Solidarity | IS | IS |
Independence | INDEP | IND |
Independence (New York) | IND | INY |
Independence League | I LEAGUE | ILU |
Independence League and National Progressive | IL & NPR | IL |
Independent | I | I |
Independent American | IA | IA |
Independent and Democrat | I & D | I&D |
Independent Citizens | I CIT | ICT |
Independent Conservative | IC | IC |
Independent Democracy | I DEMOC | IDM |
Independent Democrat | ID | ID |
Independent Democrat and Opposition | ID & OPP | IO |
Independent Democratic Republican | I D-R | IDR |
Independent Democratic Republican and Prohibition | ID R & P | IRP |
Independent Greenback | IG | IG |
Independent Greenback and Republican | IG & R | IGR |
Independent League | I LG | ILG |
Independent Non-Partisan | I N-PART | INP |
Independent Party | IP | IP |
Independent People's Choice | IPP CH | IPC |
Independent Progressive | I PROG | IPG |
Independent Radical Republican | I RAD R | IRD |
Independent Republican | IR | IR |
Independent Republican and Democrat | IR & D | |
Independent Republican and Prohibition | IR & P | |
Independent Socialist | I SOC | ISC |
Independent Whig | IW | |
Independent-National | I-N | I-N |
Independent-Progressive-Republicans | I-PROG-R | IPR |
Independent-Progressive-Socialist | I-PR-SOC | IPS |
Independent-Public Ownership | I-PO | IPO |
Independent-Reform | I REF | IRF |
Independent Hard Democrat | I HARD D | IHD |
Industrial | INDUST | IDU |
Industrial Government | IND GOVT | IGV |
Industrialist | INDL | INL |
Irregular Union | IRR U | |
Irregular Whig | IRR W | |
Jackson | JAC | |
Jackson and Adams Republican | JAC & AR | |
Jackson Democrat | JAC D | |
Jackson Republican | JAC R | |
Jacksonian Republican | JACS R | |
Jefferson-Democrat | JEFF D | |
Jeffersonian | JEFFS | |
Keystone | KEY | |
Know-Nothing | KN | |
Kolbite Populist | K POP | |
La Follette | LAF | |
La Follette Independent | LAF I | |
La Raza Union | LRU | |
Labor | LAB | LA |
Labor and Populist | LAB & POP | LAP |
Labor Reform | LAB REF | LAR |
Labor-Farm | LAB F | L-F |
Labor-Republican | LAB-R | |
Land Distribution Democrat | LD D | |
Land Distribution Republican | LD R | |
Law and Order | LAW ORD | |
Law Enforcement | LAW ENF | |
Law Preservation | LAW PRES | |
Liberal | L | LB |
Liberal Republican | LR | |
Liberal-Labor-Democratic | L-LAB D | |
Liberation Whig | LIBER W | |
Libertarian | LIBERT | L |
Liberty | LIB | |
Liberty and Socialist | LIB & SC | |
Liberty Union | LU | |
Life, Liberty, Justice | LLJ | LLJ |
Lily-White Republican | LW R | |
Lincoln | LINCOLN | |
Lincoln Fair Deal | LFD | |
Locofoco | LOCOFOCO | |
Low Tax Democrat | LOWTAX D | |
McKinley Sound Money | MCK SM | |
Middle of the Road Populist | MID ROAD | |
Minstrel Republican | MR | |
Moderate Republican | MOD R | MDR |
Mozart Democrat | MOZART D | MZD |
National American | N AM | |
National Democrat | ND | |
National Democratic Party of Alabama | NDPA | NDP |
National Greenback | NG | |
National Party | N | N |
National Progressive | N PROG | |
National Prohibition | NP | |
National Republican | NR | NR |
National Republican-Anti-Mason | NR-A-MAS | |
National States Rights | NSR | NSR |
National Union | N UNION | |
Native American | NAM | |
Natural Law | NL | NL |
Nebraska Democrat | NEB D | |
NebraskaNonpartisan League | NEB | |
Neighborhood | NEIGH | NEI |
New Alliance | NA | NA |
New Deal | NEW DEAL | NDL |
New Independent | NEW I | |
New Leadership | NEW LEAD | NLD |
New Reformist | NEW REF | NRF |
No Party Affiliation | None | N/A |
Non Partisan | NON PART | NP |
Non Partisan league | NON PL | |
North Carolina Republican | NC R | |
Nullification-National Republican | NULL-NR | |
Nullifier | NULL | |
Nullifier Democrat | NULL D | |
Old Age Pension | OLD AGE | |
Old Republican | OLD R | |
Open Book | OB | OB |
Opposition | OPP | |
Opposition and Scattering | OPP & SC | |
Opposition Democrat | OPP D | |
Opposition Republican | OPP R | |
Other | Other | O |
Pacific | Pacific | PA |
Peace and Freedom | PFP | PFP |
Peace Democrat | PEACE D | |
People's and Republican | PP & R | |
People's Candidate | PP CAND | |
People's Independent | PPI | |
People's Party | PP | PP |
People's Party and Democrat | PP & D | |
People's Party and Silver Republican | PP & SIL R | |
People's Party Labor, Democratic Republican, Silver | PPL DRS | |
People's-Democrat-Silver-Republican | PP-D-S-R | |
Popular Government | POPU GOV | PG |
Population-Labor | P-LAB | |
Populist | POP | |
Populist and Republican | POP & R | |
Populist Independent | POP I | |
Populist Silver | POP SIL | |
PRC, Townsend | PRC TOWN | PTN |
Primary Republican | PRI R | PRR |
Pro-Bank | PRO-BANK | |
Progressive | PROG | PR |
Progressive and Businessmen's | PROG & BUS | |
Progressive and Independence League | PROG & IL | |
Progressive Democrat | PROG D | |
Progressive Republican | PROG R | |
Progressive-Bull Moose-Roosevelt | PROG-BMR | PBR |
Progressive-Prohibition | PROG-P | PRP |
Prohibition | P | P |
Prohibition, Democrat, Socialist | P D SOC | |
Prohibition, Democrat-Republican and Progressive | P D-R & PR | |
Protectionist | PT | |
Public Ownership | PUB OWN | |
Pure Politics | PURE POL | |
Radical | RAD | RAD |
Radical Republican | RAD R | RRD |
Rate Payers Against LILCO | RP | |
Readjuster | READJ | RJT |
Redemption Democrat | REDEM D | RDD |
Reform | REF | RF |
Reform Democrat | REF D | RFD |
Regular | REG | RGR |
Repbulican and Prohibition | R & P | R&P |
Repeal | REPEAL | RAL |
Repeal League | REPEAL L | RLG |
Republican, Farmer-Labor-Prohibition | R F-L-P | |
Republican-Gold Democrat | R-GOLD D | RGD |
Republican | R | R |
Republican American | R AM | |
Republican American and Progressive | R AM & PR | |
Republican and Anti-Monopoly | R & A-MONO | |
Republican and Anti-Tammany | R & A-TAM | |
Republican and Anti-Trust Republican | R & A-T R | |
Republican and City Fusion | R & CF | |
Republican and Farmer's Alliance | R & F ALNC | |
Republican and Independence League | R & IL | |
Republican and Independent Democrat | R & ID | |
Republican and Law Preservation | R & LP | |
Republican and National Democrat | R & ND | |
Republican and National Greenback | R & NG | |
Republican and Progressive | R & PROG | RPR |
Republican and Square Deal | R & SQDEAL | |
Republican and Temperance | R & TEMP | |
Republican and Union Labor | R & UL | |
Republican and Young Democracy | R & YD | |
Republican Citizens | R CIT | |
Republican City Fusion and Law Preservation | RCF & LP | RCF |
Republican Delegate Convention | RDC | RDC |
Republican Greenback | RG | RG |
Republican Ind. League and National Progressive | R IL & NPR | |
Republican Ind. League, Amer. Nat'l Progressive | RIL A NP | RAN |
Republican National Progressive | R NPR | |
Republican Party and Delegate Convention | RP & DC | RPD |
Republican Write-in | R WRITE-IN | RW |
Republican, Bull Moose and Progressive | R BM & PR | |
Republican, City Fusion, and Recovery | R CF & REC | |
Republican, Constitutional, and City Fusion | R CST & CF | |
Republican, Democrat, Progressive, Townsend | RDPT | RDT |
Republican, Independence League and Progressive | R IL PR | |
Republican, Independent League, Prohibition, Nat'l Progressive | RIL P NP | RIL |
Republican, Keystone and Washington | R K & WASH | |
Republican, Keystone, Washington and Roosevelt Progressive | RKW & ROPR | RKW |
Republican, Nat'l. Progressive, American | R NPR AM | |
Republican, Progressive, Independence League | R PR IL | |
Republican, Prohibition and Progressive | R P & PROG | RPG |
Republican, Prohibition, and Progressive | RP & PROG | |
Republican, Prohibition, Nat'l Progressive | R P NPR | RNP |
Republican, Socialist, and Law Preservation | R SOC & LP | |
Republican, 'Vic', and City Fusion | R VIC & CF | |
Republican-Democrat | R-D | R-D |
Republican-Democratic-Progressive | R-D-PROG | RDP |
Republican-Democrat-Progressive-Commonwealth | R-D-PR-C | RPC |
Republican-Democrat-Prohibition | R-D-P | RDH |
Republican-Farmer Labor | R-F-LAB | RFL |
Republican-Federalist Fusion | R-FF | |
Republican-Greenback-Fusion | R-G-FUS | |
Republican-Silver Republican | R-SIL R | |
Republican-Union | R-UNION | R-U |
Rich County Independent | RCI | RCI |
Right to Life | RTL | RL |
Rob. Republican | ROB R | RR |
Robinson Citizens Party | ROBINSON | RCP |
Roosevelt | RO | RO |
Roosevelt Progressive | RO PROG | ROP |
Roosevelt Social Democrat | RO SOC D | RSD |
Scales of Justice | SOJ | SCJ |
Secession Democrat | SEC D | SCD |
Secessionist | SEC | SC |
Secessionist Whig | SEC W | SCW |
Silver Republican | SIL R | VR |
Silver-Republican-Democrat | SIL-R-D | VRD |
Single Tax | SINGLE T | STX |
Social Democrat | SOCIAL D | SD |
Socialist | SOC | S |
Socialist and Law Preservation | SOC & LP | SLP |
Socialist and Progressive | SOC & PROG | SPR |
Socialist Farmer-Labor | SOC & F-L | SFL |
Socialist Labor | SOC LAB | SL |
Socialist Workers | SOC WORK | SW |
Soft Democrat | SOFT D | SFD |
Soft Democrat and American | SOFT D & AM | SDA |
Sound Money Democrat | SM D | SMD |
Southern Democrat | SO D | SOD |
Southern Rights | SO RTS | SOR |
Southern Rights Democrat | SO RTS D | SSD |
Southern Rights Whig | SOR W | SOW |
Stalwart Democrat | STAL D | SWD |
Stalwart Silver | STAL SIL | SWS |
State Credit Democrat | STC D | |
State Democrat | STATE D | STD |
State Rights | SR | SR |
State Rights Free Trader | SR FT | SRF |
State Rights Whig | SR W | SRW |
States Rights | VB R | VBR |
State's Rights Democrat | SR D | SRD |
State's Rights Nullifier | SSR NULL | STN |
Sticker | STICKER | ST |
Straight Out Democrat | SOD | SGD |
Straight People Party | SPP | SPP |
Taft for President | TAFT | TFT |
Tammany | TAM | TM |
Tammany and New York Democracy | TAM & NY D | TMN |
Tammany Democrat | TAM D | TMD |
Tammany Democrat and Union Labor | TAM D & UL | TUL |
Taxpayers Party to Cut Taxes | TPCT | |
Taylor Democrat | TAYLOR D | TD |
Taylor Whig | TAYLOR W | TW |
Temperance | TEMP | T |
Temperance Reform | TEMP REF | TR |
The Third Party | THIRD | TP |
Toleration | TOL | TOL |
Townsend | TOWN | TOW |
Townsend Old Age Pension | TOWN OAP | TOP |
Townsend Social Justice | TOWN SJ | TSJ |
Townsend-Coughlin-Labor | TOWN-C-L | TCL |
Townsend-Social Justice Democratic | TOWN-SJD | TSD |
U.S. Taxpayers Primary | USTAX | TAX |
Ultra Abolitionist | ULTRA AB | UA |
Ultra-Veto Democrat | UVD | UVD |
Union | UN | UN |
Union and Square Deal | UN & SQD | USQ |
Union Democrat | UN D | UD |
Union Labor | UN LAB | ULB |
Union Labor and Democrat | UN LAB & D | ULD |
Union Progressive | UN PROG | UNP |
Union Republican | UN R | UNR |
Union Whig | UN W | UW |
Unionist | UNT | U |
United | U | UND |
United Citizen | U CIT | UCT |
Unity | UT | UT |
Unknown | Unknown | UNK |
Unpledged Democrat | D-Unpledged | DU |
Unpledged Republican | UNP R | U-R |
Van Buren Democrat | VB D | VBD |
Vermont Grassroots | VG | VG |
Veterans Victory | VETS V | VV |
Washington | WASH | WA |
Whig | W | W |
Whig and American | W & AM | WHA |
Whig and Anti-Masonic | W & A-MASC | WAM |
Whig Anti-Rent | W-A-RENT | |
Whig Free Soil | W FS | WFS |
White Democrat | WHITE D | WD |
Wildcat | WILDCAT | |
William Penn | WM PENN | WMP |
Wilson Independent | WILSON I | WI |
Workers (Communist) Party of America | WCP AM | WCA |
Workingmen | WM | WM |
Workingmen's Party or League | WMP/L | WML |
Write-in | WRITE-IN | WR |
Young Democrat and Republican | YD & R | YDR |